International Trade And Economic Growth - 1317 Words

Nowadays, the international trade is very important for a growth economy, specially with advanced technologies that facilitate communication. To obtain financial and technological resources for economic growth, the nation needs certainly to participate in world trade. International trade of developing countries leads to high growth and significant changes in the commodity structure by reflecting changes in the economy. The countries in all over the world are economically interdependent. No any nation can exist in economic isolation. If the economy of one nation crashed, other nations in the world will probably be unstable as well. And that would be worse if that nation among to developed nations. The gains from trade are dynamic because they cause changes in economy‘s evolution through time. From a macroeconomic perspective, we can analyze the gains from trade by focusing on the relation between trade openness and economic growth. From a microeconomic perspective we can analyze the gains from trade by focusing on connections between firm productivity and access to international markets. Recently, the literature on the dynamic gains from trade takes a different approach rather than broad-based measures of GDP and economic openness. On the theory side, the heterogeneous firms models of Melitz (2003) and Chaney (2008) present a rigorous basis for the existence of a link between trade liberalization and within-sector productivity gains: as less productive firms exit the marketShow MoreRelatedThe Role of International Trade in Economic Growth of Countries699 Words   |  3 PagesINTRODUCTION International trade plays a significant role in the economic growth of countries. It gives a country an opportunity to specialize in products and services that can be produced at a low cost compared to other nations, that is a comparative advantage. However gains from international trade is uneven between countries due to several country specific factors. These factors are complex and multidimensional; and include GDP, distance between countries, culture, population, import and exportRead MoreInternational Trade Is An Effective Stimulation Of Economic Growth1557 Words   |  7 PagesEngaging in international trade is an effective stimulation of economic growth. David Ricardo’s principle of comparative advantage argues while nations involved in international trade, a country will become specialised in producing a product that has the lowest relative costs. (Economist, 2015) By focusing on the production onto a limited scope of product or industries, firms or the nation will experience rise in productivity due to higher efficiency in allocation and utilisation of resources. AsRead MoreImpact Of Trade Remedy Measures On Africa s International Trade And Economic Growth A Case Study Of Kenya3536 Words   |  15 Pages THE IMPACTS OF TRADE REMEDY MEASURES ON AFRICA S INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND ECONOMIC GROWTH A CASE STUDY OF KENYA Amira R. Alghumgham Howard University International Trade Research Paper Dr. Wadhawan. November 20, 2014 The impacts of trade remedy measures on Africa s international trade and economic growth a case study of Kenya This research paper is organized into five sections. Section one fill cover the introduction which will address a general overview of availableRead MoreInternational Trade And The Global Marketplace1428 Words   |  6 Pagescountries are engaged to international trade in order to achieve economic growth, free trade agreement and financial liberalization has contributed to the opening up of world economies and resulted in more international trade. Countries use their comparative advantages to gain a positon in the global marketplace and achieve economic growth (Seyoum 2007). International trade is a critical resource of revenue earning for developing countries. However, the benefits realized from free trade are mostly enjoyedRead MoreThe Impact Of International Trade On The Development Process Of A Developing Economy1469 Words   |  6 PagesThe importance of international trade in the world has been widely studied and also examines the role of international trade in the various iss ues. Mainly my paper focused on the relationship between Economic Development and international trade, disadvantages of international trade also discussed. International trade is an activity of strategies importance in the development process of a developing economy. International specialization means that different countries of the world specialize in producingRead MoreThe Impact Of Technological And Commercial Effects On Economic Growth1642 Words   |  7 Pagesresources and nations differ in their preferences, capacity for growth and development, scale of production and technology. This creates the basis for (international) trade which enables exchange and consumption of goods and services which they cannot produce, thereby enjoying variety of goods and services to improve the standard of living of their people. Some of the positive effects International trade (IT) have on economic growth (EG) were pointed out by Smith (1776) and this idea triumphed untilRead MoreInternational P olitical Market Values And Subsequent Free Trade Agreements869 Words   |  4 PagesIn relations, international liberal market values and subsequent free trade agreements are at the forefront of economic globalization. As the global markets and economic competition intensifies, nations move towards trade liberalization. International trade agreements by extension of economic globalization are more often prioritized before environmental agreements. In fact it is evident that environmental policy is rarely prioritized over economic growth. The neo-liberal market ideals have encouragedRead MoreThe Growth Of International Economy1461 Words   |  6 PagesThe growth of international economy is significantly being driven by trade liberalization. The concept of free trade was firstly presented by Francisco de Vitoria in 16th century (Nussbaum, 1947). Then two early economists Adam Smith and David Ricardo proposed the concept of liberalization trade and applied the theory to practice. Sin ce the end of World War II, the United Sates devoted itself into reducing tariff-barriers and free trade. As a result, the United States led the establishment of theRead MoreComparing The Economic Profiles Of Brazil And France1677 Words   |  7 Pages EC4001/AP4001 Macroeconomic Report: Comparing the Economic Profiles of Brazil and France Daniel Williams K1355702 Table of Contents Page 1 Summary Page 2 Introduction Page 3 Macroeconomic Comparisons: GDP Page 4 Macroeconomic Comparisons: Activities in Trade Page 5 Macroeconomic Comparisons: Living Standards Page 6 Macroeconomic Comparisons: Labour Productivity Page 7 Conclusion Page 8 References Summary France and Brazil have shown to have different economiesRead MoreForeign Investment And Removal Of Trade Barrier Essay1447 Words   |  6 Pages Trade plays a key role in stimulating economies. It promotes sustainable economic growth and development. However, for this to happen there needs to be openness. This paper is going to discuss how increasing the level of openness of developing nations can lead to increased economic growth. The paper will also review some of the dynamic gains that can be made from trade before concluding with a discussion of the roles of global trade organizations in promoting economic development. These

Acct 542 Audit Proposal Free Essays

Audit Proposal Audit Proposal Kudler Fine Foods has many different types of audit to consider that could be used for each functional areas of AP, AR, inventory management and payroll. This brief has the purpose to distinguish among the types of audits that could be used for each process; to recommend the audit most appropriate for each process; to explain how the audits will be conducted; and to identify events that could prevent reliance on auditing through the computer. Types of Audit Due to increasing economic and financial growth, many types of audit have been incorporated throughout the development process of internal activities. We will write a custom essay sample on Acct 542 Audit Proposal or any similar topic only for you Order Now Audits can be performed manually or they can incorporate technology. According to Hunton and Bagranoff (2004), there are four main types of audit: 1) Attestation; 2) Findings and Recommendations; 3) SAS 70; and 4) SAS 94. Each type brings something unique to the table and can be used in different situations. Attestation. The Attestation audit present reports on examinations reviews or agreed-upon procedures. The auditor provides assurance on something for which the client is responsible. Findings and Recommendations. Findings and Recommendations is an audit that summarizes the audit work for each of the systems, which does not include an opinion. It could be considered â€Å"consulting† services. SAS 70 Audit. The SAS 70 is an auditing standard created by the AICPA and has two report types – Type I, which the auditor reports an opinion about the operating controls and Type II, that meets the objectives of the Type I additionally includes a detailed test of the effectiveness of the controls. SAS 94 Audit. SAS 94 audit deals with electronic records and have the purpose to guide and extend the auditor responsibilities in reference to internal controls knowledge as a part of a regular financial audit. Appropriate Audit Recommendations and Steps for each Process Accounts Payable. The appropriate IT audit for accounts payable (A/P) is the SAS 94 Audit. The steps that are taken for the SAS 94 Audit and ones that Kudler will use is the application software review. The steps are to do a limit, range, validity and completeness check. Accounts Receivable. The appropriate IT audit for accounts receivable (A/R) is also the SAS 94 Audit. This is for the same reasons. Kudler will check different areas to see how to handle different errors as they arise and to be sure that the system is checking for the errors within a timely manner by using software review. Inventory. The appropriate IT audit for inventory is also SAS 94 audit. SAS 94 audit uses administration review to determine how accurate the inventory is and how accurate the transactions for inventory are. The steps that are taken for this is to identify any areas that may have fraudulent information. According to COSO (2010), Inventory is the most misstated asset in an IT audit, pg 18. Para 14. Payroll. The appropriate IT audit for payroll is also SAS 94 audit. SAS 94 audit software review uses the steps to test payroll in the same ways that it will test A/R and A/P. Kudler will have the ability to test payroll, A/R, and A/P in the same audit test and possibly at the same time. Events that could Prevent Reliance on Auditing through the Computer Since we have discussed what types of audits we recommended for each accounting process. We would now like to focus on certain events that can assist Kudler’s Fine Foods on the events that could prevent the reliance on auditing through a computer. The events that must happen involve testing the data, validate computer programs, review the system software, validate user accounts and access privileges, and embed modules to achieve continuous auditing. Testing the data. The first event that has to happen is gathering data that can be tested and see how the data is processed . In more complex systems the data have to be put through an integrated test facility in order to audit the operational settings. Data sometimes will go through a parallel simulation which is time consuming but will audit the processes to see if they are functioning according to company policies. Validate Computer Programs. The Next event deals with using audit techniques to validate new computer programs that upgrade or enhance the software by installing the internal controls to protect against unauthorized changes and it will also help develop better company software. This event also compare the new or enhanced program with the old software to see what processes or improved or useless. Review of System Software. The third event actually reviews the systems software controls of the operating system and its utility programs that perform the housekeeping. It also reviews the program library controls, monitors storage programs, and accesses control software. The event is do in order make sure all the controls are in place and functioning and to ensure all controls we approved the documentation or by using the software tools. Validate User Accounts and Access Privileges. The fourth event that is validating user accounts and access privileges that will ensure who has access to what data and what account have to be set up to ensure security and accuracy. The auditor needs to verify that the software parameters are there but make sure that the IT staff is using them correctly in or for this event to happen. Continuous Auditing. The last event is continuous auditing in which all the data will be audited as it is processed to ensure real time assurance and to provide faster financial reporting that is accurate. This process is done by embedded audit modules which capture the audit data, exception reporting that reject data that fall outside the predetermined specifications, transaction logging tag certain transaction so they can be reviewed to see f the controls in place are working, snapshot techniques examine the way special transactions are processed, and continuous simulation is involved in collecting data and comparing it to data in a database management system to look for discrepancies. These tools are designed to audit controls and procedures when no auditor is present. Conclusion In conclusion we feel that this audit proposal wi ll effectively help the Kudler’s Fine Foods organization determine what type of audit to use for each accounting process. The recommendations will help this organization achieve the structural controls needed in order to function in the modern world. We will be pleased the help this organization in achieve continuous auditing which will help with getting away from auditing through a computer. By going through the various processes of auditing Kudler’s Fine Foods will have success and continues to gain market share in its industry. References Bagranoff, N. A. , Simkin, M. G. , Strand Norman (2008). Core Concepts of Accounting Information Systems (10th ed. ). New York: NY: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Galvenston (2012). How to Create Flowcharts for an Accounting Information System, eHow, Demand Media, Inc. , retrieved online July 8, 2012 from http://www. how. com/how_6827920_create-flowcharts-accounting-information-system. html. Grocery Store POS Software Solutions. (2010). Retrieved online July 8, 2012 from http://comcash. com/grocery. php Hunton, J. A. , Bryant, S. M. , Bagranoff, N. A. (2004). Core Concepts of Information Technology Auditing. New York, New York: Wiley Sons. O’Brien, J. A. , Marakas, G. M. (2008). Man agement Information Systems (8th ed. ). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill. COSO. (2010). Fraudulent Financial Reporting  . Retrieved from http://www. coso. org/documents/COSOFRAUDSTUDY2010_001. pdf How to cite Acct 542 Audit Proposal, Essay examples

The Automotive Industry in Emerging Markets

Introduction Automotive industry is rapidly growing due to increasing demand for new car models. Such a situation on the market has brought dramatic shift within the industry with the major multinationals, strategizing their businesses for the purposes of enhancing the market share and their global presence. Concurrently, there exists emerging markets for multinationals within developing countries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Automotive Industry in Emerging Markets specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There is clear evidence that manufacturers nowadays try to improve sales rate of their automobiles, augmenting revenues, hence realizing their remarkable profitability (Norcliffe 2006, p. 56). Demand for automobiles has reached a high record within the international markets despite increased competition. This calls for enhancement of production processes through the use of cost effective concepts within supply c hain capable of meeting changing market demands. In the year 2009, automotive industries within the United States encountered one of the most detrimental crises in history. Statistics shows that varying changes on automotive sales have always occurred in the industry at different periods. Multinationals dominating the industry, such as General motors (GM), Ford, and Chrysler (the Detroit), had been gradually experiencing drastic drop in sales and market share until it became evident in late 2008 (Bennett, 2005). How might the governments in the developing and developed economies seek to impact the automotive industry? The effect of 2008/2009 recession was felt globally due to globalized financial sector as well as strong international linkages (Van Biesebroeck Sturgeon 2010). The effects were severe on global value chains leading to reduced demands for automobiles in the United States as well as in Europe. This directly affected developing economies based on various linkages throug h production steps. The crisis forced Western governments to seek for solution within the financial sector (Van Biesebroeck Sturgeon 2010). There were cases of propping up firms from manufacturing sector for the purposes of avoiding large-scale bankruptcies (Van Biesebroeck, Sturgeon 2010). The program included many automotive firms, which were to be protected from sinking through cash infusions, subsidies as well as cheap credit. Foreign direct investments within developing countries were first exported back to developed countries (Van Biesebroeck Sturgeon 2010). However, the situation changed when local markets were also considered. In case such kind of global value chain is taken into consideration, innovation and design functions usually remain within industrial countries and developing world used for production purposes. Within such scenarios, firms from developing nations can utilize the opportunity for purposes of upgrading their capabilities, while at the same time creati ng employment opportunities within automotive industry.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Political pressure within automotive industry pushed dealers to establish production close to the end markets. The fact that manufacturers are few, hence processes are globalized, contributes to the development and enhancement of just-in-time production as well as design processes. Due to the closeness between some developing and developed countries as well as well-arranged strong relationships between them, there can be supply of parts on a just-in-time basis, especially within regional trading blocs (Van Biesebroeck Sturgeon 2010). How might international bodies, such as the WTO, directly or indirectly seek to impact the automotive industry? International bodies assist through provision of legislative trade laws and policies capable of regulating market forces and trends. Concept of fr ee trade plays a major role in developing world trade policies as well as it is considered a part of globalization since it ensures fairness in international trade based on considerable principles of agreements. The concept entails removal of most trade barriers within international market for the benefit of global and domestic consumers. There is provision on Fair pricing meant for equal distribution and provision of goods and services, hence enabling consumers to gain access to sensitive and vital goods. Free trade agreements are usually signed after long negotiation processes between countries. Such negotiations lead to the opening of markets which could not be previously accessed by companies from certain countries. Trade agreements and policies bring the possibility of operating within the global markets. This goal is achieved because free trade agreements have the capacity of directly influencing company’s export costs, which eventually determine prices charged within t hese foreign markets (Carbaugh, 2004). Policies on Fair trade entail trading goods and services with aim of creating equity and partnership within automotive global market system. Besides designers and producers running business for money, the commitment part of the whole process is not ignored, hence committed to operate under long-term contracts for the future benefit of businesses and entire society. Those involved in Fair trade dealings are characterized as small cooperatives of workers using environmentally friendly methods for the purposes of sustainability. Standards and conditions within fair trade entail various human aspects within society; hence any form of forced labour is not practiced. In such circumstances, producers are expected to sign up and be accountable for the quality and nature of models supplied to the market.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Automotive Industry in Emerging Markets specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/p age Learn More Basically, fair trade operates on principles of agreement where there is guarantee of minimum price for traded commodities. This is done for the purposes of paying workers in developing countries more than their expected earnings are. International trade is capable of developing country’s economy and normally restricted to the exchange of goods and services. There are a number of drivers believed to be behind the increasing improvement in international trade and marketing. Increase in customer base and market share presents one of the main potential drivers and helps in eliminating over-reliance on single market. Reduced cost is also considered a key driver of increased international marketing, this makes organizations access cheap resources and labor within developing nations. Reduced costs enable marketers to dispose their products at lower prices, encouraging those with disposable income from various markets to buy more goods and services. Imp rovement in communications technology is also another driver of international trade. Technological changes, such as use of internet and mobile phones, have opened up new international sectors and allowed easy coordination of international marketing campaigns from domestic base (Carbaugh, 2004). International marketing provides increased customer base to organizations, allowing them to raise the sales of their products and services. This assists in increasing organization’s profitability levels and at the same time contributes to enhancement of living standards and rates of employment within developing countries. Wide customer base provides options to marketers, hence reducing the risks associated with focusing on one market. Companies with globally recognized brand have limitless opportunities within the foreign markets; they have the ability to capture customer loyalty since consumers are normally attached to brands they can trust and clearly recognize. Development of custom er networks within foreign supply chains enables easy negotiation for better deals (Carbaugh, 2004). Evaluate the strategic options open to large motor manufacturers regarding their international operations Limited options exist for policy makers within automotive industry. There is much political opposition to large-scale manufacturers of vehicles, and at the same time, there exists high minimum efficient scale within production lines. Due to these aspects, the size of the local markets determines the rate of growth as well as potentiality of the industry. Players in the automotive industry enjoy growing possibility of leveraging the newly opened global supply base which encourages both the local and the international competition (Van Biesebroeck Sturgeon 2010).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Yanfeng has the capability of developing and marketing its line of branded vehicles within the shortest time possible by involving its expertise in dealing with the first-tier suppliers within China’s as well as western market. Winning new contracts with multinational assemblers would require such companies as Yanfeng to construct manufacturing firms near the main design centers (Sturgeon Van Biesebroeck, 2009). There is a notable shift of motor vehicle markets from the developed to developing world, in terms of enhancing production and design processes (Van Biesebroeck Sturgeon 2010). Automotive industry in Shaghai is identified with probably few design centers, currently filled by Chinese firms. Companies require change inmarketing strategies in case of economic crisis. This usually targets all the elements of the marketing mix which include product, price, place and promotion. Companies, such as Yanfeng should focus on concentrating resources in markets where their prese nce is so much felt. International market provides the best alternative environments for the firms experiencing domestic recession. In such cases, automotive companies are obliged to call back all weak designs from both the domestic and the international markets, hence concentrating on reinforcing appealing qualities, such as durability and functionality. Focus should be shifted towards promotion element of the marketing mix which incorporates such factors as promotional and advertising budgets, use of media services, public relations and after-sales service. It is also important to focus on product strategy whereby technological innovations on new product, range of design, quality of automobiles and marketing expenditures are considered general marketing strategies (Calof, 1994). Profitability of automotive companies within international market is not directly linked to marketing strategy used within areas of concentration. Diversification of automotive businesses shows no direct r elationship with other performance-based variables within the market. However, strong relationship exists between entering foreign markets, average performance, sales and market share. Implementing firm’s strength on foreign markets results in increased sales and market share but has less effect on the level of net profit. The only activity with the ability to improve net profit is to increase the level of marketing expenditure (Cameron and Green, 2009). What are some of the positive and negative implications of the strategies and policies you have identified? Market for motor vehicles as well as its production and design process is currently shifting to the developing world because automotive companies have realised perpetual increase in demand for cost effective vehicles based on fuel consumption, performance, and also environmental sensitivity. However, some special marketing strategies should be adopted, established and ratified by automotive multinationals for the purpos es of capturing as well as retaining potential clients within emerging markets. Such strategies incorporate production of cost effective vehicles as well as making intensive promotions capable of extensively satisfying consumer needs. Automotive industry is considered one of the most competitive industries targeting high-end consumers. International trade policies referred to the creation of free trade between regions have encouraged emergence of new manufactures, distributors, and rich product portfolio. Such policies on exchange rates are crucial in the process of developing appropriate business models within defined market environments. This ensures that firms remain competitive and relevant. However, most of the multinationals like General Motors, Nissan, Peugeot, Toyota, Mitsubishi, and others formulate appropriate business strategies for the purposes of enhancing competitiveness, market visibility, and customer services (Appiah-Adu 1998, p. 118). Trade policies further enable exchange of goods and services within the international market. The process ensures efficiency in marketing of goods and services beyond organizational and domestic boundaries. Despite all these, automotive companies should learn considerable avenues which can enable full utilization of opportunities within foreign markets, and this ensures increase in the level of global competitiveness (World Investment Report, 2006). Policies within International market are usually totally different from those within domestic markets. Such environments can be differentiated based on market sizes, buyer behavior as well as marketing practices. International marketer grants careful evaluation of the market trends based on the nature of market segments within areas of target. Business operations within international markets always have either positive or negative effects on company’s operations and management. This requires development of crucial decisions made by firms. Operational tactics w ithin international market environment depends on several factors, such as deliberate policy decision, reaction to specific business opportunities, economic trends, political stability as well as competitive reasons, among others (Evenett et al., 2009). Investors within automotive industry are currently not excited about pricing techniques used, despite the growth experienced in the industry. This could be attributed to the availability of variety of financial products within the market, such as ETFs. Automotive products’ value has continued to soar despite price increase and increase in the number of players. Investors opt to use alternative financial products to make purchases. Since various companies have faced credit crisis over the years, the workers are now demanding for higher wages and better working conditions. Reference List Appiah-Adu, K 1998, ‘Marketing in emerging countries: Evidence from a liberalized economy’, Journal of Marketing Practice, vol. 4 no. 4, pp. 118-129. Bennett, R 2005, â€Å"Marketing policies of companies in a cyclical sector: an empirical study of the construction industry in the United Kingdom†, Journal of Business Industrial Marketing, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 118-26. Calof, JL 1994, ‘The relationship between firm size and export behavior revisited’, Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 25, no. 2, pp.367–387. Cameron, E Green, M 2009, Making Sense of Change Management: A Complete Guide to the Models, Tools Techniques of Organizational Change, Kogan Page, London, UK. Evenett, J, Hoekman, B Cattaneo, O 2009, Effective Crisis Response and Openness: Implications for the Trading System, Centre for Economic Policy Research, London. Web. Norcliffe, M 2006, The automotive industry in emerging markets China’s automotive industry, GMB, London, UK. Sturgeon, T Van Biesebroeck, J 2009, â€Å"Crisis and protection in the automotive industry: a global value chain perspectiveà ¢â‚¬ , Policy Research Working Paper 5060, pp. 1-26. Van Biesebroeck, J Sturgeon, TJ 2010, â€Å"The automotive industry in developing countriesâ€Å", VoxEU. Web. World Investment Report (WIR) 2006, FDI from Developing and Transition Economies: Implications for Development, United Nations Publication, New York, NY. Web. This essay on The Automotive Industry in Emerging Markets was written and submitted by user Jorge Winters to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Relating Saint Leo Core Values to the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights Essays

Relating Saint Leo Core Values to the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights Essays Relating Saint Leo Core Values to the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights Essay Relating Saint Leo Core Values to the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights Essay Name: Instructor: Course: Date: Relating Saint Leo Core Values to the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights Indeed, it is evident that the tenets embedded within the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights emulate the Core values embedded in Saint Leo University. The principles within the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights coincide with the Core Values of Community of Saint Leo University in various ways. This is based on the primal assertion exemplified by the ethics and morals exalted in both institutions regarding the individual and the society. Irrespective of the differences in the objectives of the two institutions based on the stakeholders, it is still clear that both principles and values within the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights and Saint Leo University relate to provide equality, fairness and respect of human dignity within the community and society. In accord with the Prelude of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, emphasis is put on the development of aptitudes, character and knowledge by Saint Leo University for the sole purpose of maintaining its excellence. Saint Leo University ensures that it sets a general standard of accomplishment for all students in order to allow them to develop their skills, personalities and understanding and as such, acquire appropriate and effectual acknowledgment nationwide and globally. This relates considerably to the overall overture of the Declaration of Human Rights, which also acts as a general standard of accomplishment for all persons and countries for ensuring the protection of rights and liberties and recognition locally and universally for all peoples through instruction and education. Consequently, with respect to the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights’ principles, Saint Leo University endeavors to promote the development of sociable and cordial learning communities countrywide and worldwide. Furthermore, to fulfill this objective, Saint Leo University attempts to nurture a sense of belonging, interdependence and unity without political, sex, color, language or racial distinctions. As such, Saint Leo University plans to build a communally responsible environment for learning that excludes discrimination that arises from a country’s international status regarding the specific community receiving service from the University. This is in line with the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which strives to ensure that every individual receives education and learning irrespective of ideological, physical and terrestrial distinctions. Alternately, Saint Leo University strives to ensure that the exclusive talents and aptitudes innate within an individual receive value or appreciation and reverence. Regarding the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the University attempts to promote friendship and lenience, indulgence among various stakeholders of institutions such as groups and students. The objective of this is to ascertain the provision of an abundant scope that will support the liberated trade of thoughts and innovations among persons. This specific statement correlates to the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which endorses and fosters the delivery of opinions without intrusion and restriction and the reception and exchange of innovations, ideas and information among individuals through various forms of media irrespective of any boundaries. Furthermore, Saint Leo University strives to promote personal development for all individuals. Based on this value, Saint Leo University urges the development of every individual’s body, soul and mind in order to acquire balanced lives. As such, members within the community must express their obligation towards individual development in order to reinforce the disposition of the community. As such, Saint Leo University ensures that personal development is exalted through education in order to ascertain decent development of the individual personality. This is in accordance with the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which ensures that every person within the community possesses communal duties aimed at complete development of personality. Furthermore, the communal duties should make it possible for personal development. Finally, Saint Leo University facilitates communal development on a global scale by ensuring that it provides the require resources. As such, the University nurtures a force of service in order to facilitate the provision of resources that will assist in the development of communities. Saint Leo University ensures that resources are optimized and applied within the community in order to adhere to the goals and mission of the institution. This is in accordance with the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which ensures that every person and community are entitled to receive resources in order to ascertain full development of individual personalities and the development of the community as a whole. In conclusion, the principles in the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Saint Leo’s Core Values of Community indeed relate to a considerable degree. Both doctrines ensure that peoples and communities live with each other cohesively. Consequently, the doctrines for both institutions stress on the full development of personality among individuals regardless of the distinctions and as such, negate the use and support of discriminative and biased tactics. Restricting such practices based on the principles and the values upheld by both codes propels the objectives of the institutions, which involves the facilitation of equality and fairness in the provision of intrinsic needs for every person in every community nationally and internationally.

Illogical Comparisons The Weirdest Topic on SAT Writing

Illogical Comparisons The Weirdest Topic on SAT Writing SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Oftentimes, if I make an outlandish comparison, someone will turn to me and say, "You can't compare apples and oranges, Alex." Grammatically speaking, however, you absolutely can compare apples and oranges- they're both fruits! However,it's true that some comparisons are nonsensical, like a comparison between apples and eating apples. This kind of construction is called an illogical comparison, and it's one of the most unusual concepts on SAT Writing. Though essentially simple to spot, illogical comparisons are unfamiliar for most students becausethey rarely come up elsewhere. Feature image credit:MicroAssist/Flickr You Can Only Compare Equivalent Things An illogical comparison occurs when a sentence compares two things that aren't of the same type: Jimmy’s restaurant has more customers than Bob does. Even though it might seem fine, this sentence is comparing "Jimmy's restaurant"with "Bob," which makes no sense. In order to correct it, we have to alter the wordingso that the two things being compared are the same type of thing: Jimmy’s restaurant has more customers than Bob's restaurant does. This sentence, though correct, sounds pretty repetitive. To streamline it, we can drop the second "restaurant": Jimmy’s restaurant has more customers than Bob's does. It's still clear that we're comparing Jimmy and Bob's restaurants, but in a way that's not as redundant sounding. Depending on the sentence's construction, it mayalso be correct to substitute "that" or "those" for the second noun (as long as it's the same as the first one): I prefer the novels of J.K. Rowling to those of Stephenie Meyer. ("Those" takes the place of "the novels.") Though they look the same on most maps, the sizeof Alaska is actually twice that of Texas. ("That" takes the place of "the size.") There are two main types of illogical comparison errors that appear on the SAT writing: comparisons between people and things and comparisons between The first key rule is that you must compare people to people and things to things. So to return to our first example, it's correct to compare Bob's restaurant and Jimmy's restaurant because they're both things or to compare Bob and Jimmy because they're both people but you can't compare Jimmy's restaurant and Bob or Bob's restaurant and Jimmy. The second rule is that you can't compare something of specific type to all things of that type. This rule may sound strange, but it doesn't make sense to compare one person with everyone- you would compare them with everyone else. You can't compare something with a group that includes that thing without specifying that you're talking about everything else in the group. Let's look at an example: Incorrect: A cheetah is faster than any land mammal. Correct:A cheetah is faster than any other land mammal. Although most illogical comparisons questions on the SAT test one of these rules, you may see some that don't. In those cases, you'll have to use common sense to determine if a comparison is logical. For example, it makes sense to compare a train and a car, it doesn't make sense to compare a train and the length of a car. Pay attention to exactly what the sentence is saying- it's easy to extrapolate the intendedpointand miss the error in the wording. Keep this SAT writing strategy in mind! You can compare authors to authors and books to books but not books to authors. (Image credits: far left, Daniel Ogren; left, Gage Skidmore) How to Approach Illogical Comparisons on the SAT Illogical comparisons questions appear relatively frequently on the SAT writing: you are likely to see one or twoof them, especially since they can appear inboth Identifying Sentence Errors and Improving Sentences questions. Luckily, illogical comparisons generally appear in very similar ways, sothere are just a couple of clues that you need to watch outfor because they will often signal a comparison issue: Comparison key words- the words "like," "unlike," "as," and especially "than" almost always indicate a comparison and thus the chance for an illogicalone Full names- this is a slightly weird point, but if a question includes the full name of a person it often involves an illogical comparison. These names usually belong toartists or writers, and the sentence will set up a faulty equivalencebetween the individual and her work. Practicelooking for these clues on every SAT writing question until it becomes second nature. Identifying Sentence Errors Unlike most of the grammatical issues that show up in Identifying Sentence Errors (ISE) questions, illogical comparisons are hard to spot by just checking underlined words. Instead, as I mentioned above, you’ll need to keep an eye out for words that signal a comparison (like/unlike, as, than) and full names of individuals. If you see a comparison that you think might be faulty there are threesteps you need to take: Check for underlined nouns. Generally speaking, if there is an illogical comparison, one of the mismatched nouns will be underlined. Determine what the comparison is between. What two things isthe sentence, as written, comparing? Circle the nouns in the text. Decide whether the two things are equivalent. Is there a person vs. thing conflict? Are the two words being compared not equivalent in some other way? Let’s go through this process on a real SAT question: As with all ISE questions, the first step is to read the sentence. In this case, you should notice the clues "writer Sigrid Undset" and "like," which indicate that there may be an incorrect comparison. Are there any underlined nouns? Yes, both C and D include a noun. It's not immediately obvious which is involved in a comparison, so let's move on. What is being compared? Nowthe questions gets a bit trickier- the first part of the sentence, "Norwegian writer Sigrid Undset is like the novelist Sir Walter Scott," includes a comparison, but neither of our two underlined nouns. Plus, it's definitely correct, since it compares two people. However, there's another comparison in this sentence, "unlike his books," which does include an underlined phrase. So what's being compared with "his books"? "Unlike his books" is a modifier describing "she," which refers to Sigrid Undset. Are the two things equivalent?The comparison is between Sigrid Undset, a person, and SirWalter Scott'sbooks, things, so this is an illogical comparison. C is the correct answer- "his books" should be replaced with "him." This is an especially tricky question because of itscomplicated sentence structure (C is actually a faulty modifier as well), but following these steps will allow you to break down even the most complicated constructions. Let's move on to illogical comparisons in Improving Sentences. Improving Sentences Illogical comparisons appear in much the same way in Improving Sentences as they do in ISE, so you'll need to keep an eye out for the same clues: full names of people and comparison words. Once you've determined that there's likely an illogical comparison, follow these steps: Understand the error. The first step is to determine, what, if anything, is wrong with the comparison. Why are the two items being compared not equivalent? Rememberthat the most common issues are comparing people to things and something to all things of its type. Rule out answers that make the same mistake. Once you understand why the comparison is illogical, you can rule out all the answers that don't fix the problem. Pick between remaining choices.If there's more than one answer left, choose between the remaining answers. Watch for extra words that make the sentence ungrammatical and issues with plural vs. singular. This process may seem confusing, but it's actually quite simple in practice. Let's try it out on an official SAT question: After reading the sentence, you should notice the clue word "than," which indicates that this likely an illogical comparisons question. What, if anything, is wrong with the comparison?The sentence is comparing "the mass of its tiny body" with "humans." This is an illogical comparison- you can't equate the mass of something with a human. Thecomparison should be between the mass of an insect and the mass of a human.We can eliminateA. Rule out answers that make the same mistake.Answer choices C and D contain the same error: C merelytweaks the word order and D replaces the singular "human" with the plural "humans," which is actually even more wrong since the comparison is with a singular insect's body mass. Answer E seems to fix the problem by adding "body," but it's still not correct to compare a human body with the mass of an insect body. Pick between the remaining choices. The only answer that's left is B, which correctly compares "the mass of its tiny body" and "that of a human's body." B is the right answer. Comparing the size of an Allosaurus and the size of a human makes sense! (Image credit:Dropzink) Overview:Key Rules and SAT Writing Tips As a review, the list below includes the main ideas we've covered in this article and some helpfultips for using them on the SAT Writing. Clues to watch for: Comparative constructions: than, as, like/unlike Full names, especially of artists and authors Underlined nouns Key rules: Comparisons must be between equivalent things Compare people to people and things to things Don't compare something to a group it's part of SAT writing strategies: Practice watching for the clues and checking whethercomparisons are illogical. This type of error is initially difficult to spot, but once you've gotten familiar withthem, they tend to jump out at you. When dealing with illogical comparisons, don’t assume shortest is best. Though this rule often works for other types of errors, for these questions it will almost always give you the wrong answer. Remember that "that" is singular and "those" is plural. Test Your Knowledge! I've created some SAT Writing practice questions to help you get the hang of recognizing and understanding illogical comparison questions. Checkthem out below and send any questions my way in the comments! 1. Michel Foucault's theories about(A) the function ofpower in society are(B)radically(C) different than most philosophers(D).No error(E) 2. The British Library has more books than the books in all of the world's libraries. A.the books in all of the world's libraries. B. all of the world's libraries. C.the books in anyof the world's other libraries. D. the world's libraries. E. any other library in the world. 3. Throughout(A) history, many artists have been(B) more famous for their life stories than(C) for their work (D). No error. (E) 4. Although we often think of cheetahs as the fastest animals in the world, the speed of a peregrine falcon is actually greater than it. A.the speed of a peregrine falcon is actually greater than it. B. peregrine falcons are actually faster than them. C. the speed of a peregrine falcon is actually greater. D. peregrine falcons are more fast than those other animals. E. greater yet is the speed of the peregrine falcon. Answers: 1. D, 2. E, 3. E, 4. B What's Next? Since illogical comparisons are errorsin sentence structure, they're similar to issues with parallelism and faulty modifiers (coming soon). Consider taking a look atour grammar guides on those topics. If you're planning to take the SAT next year, make sure to check out our guide to the redesigned SAT. Maybe you're more concerned about the essay? In that case, take a look atour guides onhow to score a perfect 12, how to plan your examples in advance, and 15 ways to improve your score. For more big picture strategies, try these 8key tipsor check outour guide to reaching an 800 on the SAT Writing. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Writing and grammar lesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

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